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Fracking, The Splitting Decision An Analysis - 1726 Words

Fracking, The Splitting Decision: An Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fracking Abstract Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the process of drilling into the Earth and subsequently directly a high-pressure water, sand, and chemical mixture at shale rock to release the gas inside, out through the head of the well. Fracking allows firms to access previously inaccessible resources of oil and gas buried underneath the earth and hidden in the rocks. In the U.S., fracking has boosted oil production and has caused a drop in gas prices. The gas that generates electricity produces only half the carbon dioxide emissions coal produces. Fracking of shale gas contributes significantly to energy needs and gas security. The positive economic impact of fracking produces thousands of jobs needed to perform such a task. The use of fracking has brought on many environmental concerns in exchange for its revolutionary impact on the energy industry. There is a significant amount of water necessary in the process of fracking resulting in a heavy toll to the environment. Carcinogenic chemicals involved in fracking could may well escape and contaminate the groundwater around the site, which could be due to lack of diligence rather than an inherent risk. There are increased concerns that the fracking process are linked to earth tremors. Fracking increases our reliance on fossil fuels, rather than investing in renewable energy, which is a better long-term alternative. NaturalShow MoreRelatedConoco Phillips Strategic Management4842 Words   |  20 PagesComprehensive Analysis and Recommendation Report Submittal Date: May 3rd, 2013. Table of Contents 1.Executive Summary............................................................................................3 2.History / Origins.†¦..............................................................................................4 3.Company Split-2012...........................................................................................6 4.Porters Five Forces........................

Virtual Work Free Essays

1. Introduction Recent years have witnessed an incredible development of information technology and the structure of traditional work environment is changing. The emergency of virtual work has been reflected in some companies’ new work policy. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, Jetblue Airlines has changed its working conditions and established a virtual call centre where employees can work from home without a central office. Despite the technology advancement that enables virtual working, the amount of people adopting this new working pattern is still very low. This report will explore the nature of virtual work and analyse the barriers of adopting this work policy, as well as give suggestions on how to overcome these barriers. 2. Nature of virtual work Virtual organisation, by definition, is a principle of management that has been used in a variety of applications, including virtual memory, virtual reality, virtual classrooms, virtual teams, and virtual offices (Mowshowitz, 2002). Unlike traditional organizations, the virtual organization itself has no need for physical representation. Its output, however, might influence the physical world directly, such as the direct buying or selling of stocks, or indirectly, such as providing decision support for a human agent in a traditional organization. Virtual offices, also known as virtual working, allow employees to operate in dynamically changing work environment. Virtual working as part of the virtual organization can be defined as the use of communications networks rather than buildings and physical assets, meaning that the physical location of work is now less important (Pang, 2001). As the result, departments and teams no longer have to work in close contact with each other. The common denominator for all virtual workers is that they communicate and perform work duties almost entirely through electronic technology, such as instant messaging, blogs and social networking. Employees in this situation, need a certain level of self-control ability, andvery often need to structure the environment and systems they use to perform a variety of tasks, for example, getting familiar with different types of communication software. 3. Advantages of virtual work 3. 1 For companies 3. 1. 1 Less cost Virtual work enables a company to reduce costs in renting, travelling and labor salary. Telecommuting allows people to work from home or anywhere they want instead of staying in an office and thus helps an organisation to reduce expenditure in renting the building (Tomic, nd). Also, no office means that the company does not have to hire cleaners or other labors and pay their salary. Additionally, companies can reduce the travel expenses as geographical distance in virtual organization is no longer an obstacle to hold meetings and conferences. Virtual workers can communicate through the internet instead of going to other places to observe and study. 3. . 2 Increased effectiveness Companies that implement virtual work policy can increase effectiveness because employees can save the time of commuting to work. Better communication, fewer distractions, better concentration and less traveling time contribute to the increased 15-50% productivity in a virtual organization (Tomic, nd). Employees can also improve work quality due to more strategic use of work time and less disrup tion. 3. 2 For employees 3. 2. 1 Less stress Virtual working not only eases their traffic problems, but also relieves employees office pressure. Most employees worry about their privacy and do not feel comfortable in office. By working from home or other places employees no longer have to deal with office politics and office gossip (Anderson, 2012). Also, virtual workers do not have to rush bus and metro during the peak hours. By working from home, employees can have more time dealing with work in a relaxing environment, which is beneficial for their mental health. 3. 2. 2 Improved work-life balance Working from home gives employees the opportunity to balance their work and life. Telecommuters have more flexible work hours and are able to manage their own time. They do not have work in an office from 9am to 5pm every day and they can do anything they want as long as the work can be finished as planned. For example, they can go shopping and are able to respond to phone calls from their family (Anderson, 2012). Also, when the work is done, remote workers can clean the house, communicate with family members, and take care of their children which are beneficial for improving family life. Furthermore, if employees want to better equip their knowledge, they have the ability to go to school without affecting normal work. 3. For society Adopting telecommuting brings benefits to the society. Working from home eases the traffic pressure. Remote workers do not need to commute to work, therefore, there is less air pollution and fewer traffic problems. Also, virtual working creates more business opportunities for people in suburbs and rural areas because it is not restricted by region. 4. Why virtual working is still not universal Innovative workplace s trategies that efficiently leverage human capital are becoming increasingly valuable in today’s economic environment (Thompson and Caputo, 2009). Some organizations have long employed virtual work arrangements as a tool to recruit and retain key employees. Despite the technological capabilities that enable lower operating expense and offer employees greater work flexibility, organizations that adopt the virtual work policy and the amount of workers working virtually is still very low. The problem can be analysed from two aspects: companies and employees. 4. 1 For companies As company’s major goal is to maximize profit in each activity, virtual working enables lower operating expense. Adopting the virtual working approach for organization seems the most tendency option. However, basic on company’s strategy and structure, in some case, virtual working would more like to be the obstacle for it’s development. The communication issues are not always technical in nature, but related to human factors. Members in a virtual team would face the misunderstood messages, thereby resulting in inefficiencies (Pang, 2001). More importantly, as there might be different security data protection in employees network, the risk of leakage of information will be increased. Organizational restructuring resulting in an increase in virtual workers and decrease in on-site employees can yield cost savings (Pang, 2001). However, having a human capital management strategy for newly transitioned virtual workers would cost an amount of money for training. Controlling and monitoring off-site employees become essential. For organization restructure, large amount of money would be invested for supporting the restructuring. That would be the difficult for company to adopt the virtual working. 4. 2 For employees Despite the conveniences of telecommuting, the potential downsides of the virtual workplace often go overlooked (Heidrick, 2011). Employees who work outside the office, feels isolated from coworker. In some cases, these employees start to feel disconnected from company culture and come to believe they are less respected in their organizations than their colleagues who work together in person. An organization’s ability to flexible depends on employees’ commitment to the organization, their motivation to stick with it. Respect ensured that employees are up to the challenge. Most employees generally feel respected when managers and coworkers hold them up to the same standards as everyone else at the organization. As employee feels isolated and disrespected while working by telecommuting, an organization that adopted the virtual working approach will most likely turn into less efficiency. 5. Barriers to virtual working 5. 1 For companies 5. 1. 1 Technical issues Increased data security concerns One of the biggest barriers for companies implementing virtual work policy is the concern for data security. Virtual work needs technical support, which creates safety hazard potential nowadays. Due to the fact that multiple clients are in a web-based architecture, there are many points of possible intrusion into the centralized applications and data sources of an organization (Pang,nd). When a company holding e-conference to make important decisions or transfer confidential documents, hackers who have ulterior motives may filch the core strategy or information of the company by attacking system vulnerability. 5. 1. 2 Managerial issues Controlling and monitoring difficulties Controlling and monitoring telecommuters’ work is the most difficult section in managing a virtual organisation. Lipnack and Stamps (1997) stated that managing a successful virtual company requires 90% people and 10% technology. Productivity can be reduced without controlling and monitoring system because some employees are not self-disciplined and can be interrupted by an overabundance of distractions around the home (Hortensia, 2008). There are also some critical situations where managers are not able to contact subordinates and make remedial measures timely. Employee incentive difficulties High productivity of a company will largely depend on good employee incentive. However, in a virtual organization which has inefficient measuring methods to evaluate employee’s contribution, the manager may not detect potentials of different employees. Employee incentive is often overlooked in virtual organizations (Liu, 2004). Therefore, companies need to adjust their internal performance assessment and salary system, and spend a lot of time establishing a complete system for training and motivating employees. 5. 1. 3 Communication issues As virtual team members are usually in different area or even different time zones, communication can be a big issue. Lack of trust The lack of face-to-face interaction of remote workers can lead to difficulties in building trust. Virtual work is based on Computer-Mediated Communication, which is different from the communication pattern that traditional work has. When communicating face-to-face, the speaker can use visual cues from the audience to gain immediate feedback quickly and make necessary rapid adjustments (Storper et al, 2004). Visual cues and social existence in face-to-face dialogue also help team members to know background, skills, experiences, and areas of expertise of each other (Rosen et al, 2007). The traditional communication pattern can help people build trust within groups, but remote workers can find it difficult to achieve this. Additionally, virtual organizations are usually short termed. Employees may feel that the team will break up when the task is finished, and they do not feel their membership in the organization. Mayo George Elton pointed that employees need good inter-personal relationship, and also need feel being cared by the organization, the satisfactory feeling of being cared by the employer is very helpful to improve work productivity. Lack of trust in virtual organizations may cause low motivation and low productivity. Cultural barriers and limited knowledge/ experience sharing Virtual workers are usually separated by geography, which restricts knowledge or experience sharing opportunities by working together. Also, cultural barrier exists and is adverse to good teamwork in a virtual organisation. Members of a virtual team sometimes come from different countries. Virtual works go against the transfer of tacit knowledge, or knowledge that is not written or definable, but are gained through experience (Griffith et al, 2003). It is clear that many of the behaviors of a good teamwork are culturally rooted. For example, in some cultures, sharing information is both a manifestation of power and a way of building relationships. In other cultures a number of information sharing take place in off-line settings, which are limited in the virtual work environment. Furthermore, direct communicators who are low-context focus on sharing just the facts, which will leave high-context communicators feeling under informed. 5. 2For employees 5. 2. 1 Reduction in chances of promotion At an organizational level, virtual employees’ efforts may not be recognized and valued and therefore chances of promotion in career are far less than traditional office counterparts. Adams(2012) noted researchers’ finding that managers are 25% more likely to attribute the traits ‘committed’ and ‘dedicated’ to people who logged extra hours in the office instead of those who work remotely. As a result, employees are not willing to work from home, holding the belief that managers consider them less committed to their task, and give them less career support. Employees’ desire for organizational identification is not necessarily satisfied due to negligible mentoring from supervisors and the lack of opportunities for developing relationship with crucial person in the workplace. To conclude, working from home distance employees from their manager, and leave them with less support and direction than on-site workers may get, thus reduce the chances of career advancement. 5. 2. 2 Social and professional isolation Perception of isolation from the group is one of the major concerns for employees who work from home. When employees are isolated in remote workplaces, the physical distance can diminish their opportunities for interacting and communicating with colleagues, further raising their perception of being separated. Marshall et al (2007), cited in Buss (1996) found that humans have long perceived physical and social separation from the group as negative, for the reason that isolation means deprivation of support and protection, which are critical for survival. The unavailability of networking, gaining support and recognition from co-workers creates people’s consciousness of not being part of the group and sense of loneliness. . Overcome barriers of adopting virtual work The barriers of adopting virtual work can be overcome by utilizing online communication techniques, conducting prior training and holding regular meetings etc. Virtual teams have to develop the better way for communicating, trust between each other and knowledge sharing in the electronic space. Developing a team cultu re and common procedures are essential for the development of credibility and trust among virtual team members in a virtual environment. (Raghuram, et al, 2001). Utilize online communication techniques Virtual employees often need to share work-in-progress with others, which may require advance technologies to support. As a result, virtual team can work more effectively by using online communication techniques. Microsoft is the world’s largest software maker has developed some software that can be very useful collaboration tools for managing the virtual team, such as instant messaging, live meeting and Outlook (Courtois, 2012). By using collaboration software, virtual employee can check coworkers’ status to see whether they are available to chat online. Manager can held web-based staff meeting, make a shared calendar, and cloud computing that everyone can edit and see any changes instantly (The Observer, nd). Prior training Prior training or experience is positively associated with virtual work efficacy. Organisations should implement adequate training programs in order to provide better understanding of telecommuting for both virtual employees and their managers. Caudron(1992) suggested that training activities can include dealing with interruptions by family members and friends, communications with virtual co-workers etc. Hiring the right people can be helpful for the virtual organisation, like someone can be productive in an isolated environment but is wise enough to maintain connections with other outside communities. Managers should always be open to the comments of employees and give supportive mentoring. Hold regular meetings In order to better manage remote employees, ensure efficient communication and information sharing, holding regular meetings is important. All employees should be included in all team meetings. During these meetings, manager should provide the perception of how things are progressing. This type of meeting is especially valuable in a virtual work environment, as there are fewer opportunities for interpersonal communication. Also, managers can organize employee retreats once a year so that virtual and traditional employees can interact with one another, to share information and to create a sense of unity and teamwork. These can reduces employee’s loneliness and make them feel a part of the team. Reward virtual employees’ desirable behavior in ways that are meaningful to them (Deannamaio, nd). Manager can simply reward extra holiday time off for employees who work hard. Benefit from the reward policy, employee would feel more motivating in their job. 7. Future of virtual work Today only a small proportion of virtual teams have reached a level of performance that goes beyond what the individuals concerned could achieve independently (Benson et al, 1997). Despite difficulties in implementing virtual work, the overall trend for future is the increase of telecommuting. Development of technology is helping organisations to adopt a virtual work policy, and employee expectations will change towards a more flexible working environment. IBM has announced Virtual Desktop for Smart Business. The new workforce mobility provided anytime, anywhere access to personal desktops from mobile devices — including tablets, netbooks and laptops (Khalil, 2011). With the significant development of technology nowadays, more and more firms will adopt the virtual working in order to gain competitive advantage worldwide. 8. Conclusion Virtual work as a new pattern of work is exposing invaluable potential advantages to organisations, employees and the society as a whole. As information technology is developing at an incredible speed, some organisations have already evolutionisedtheir traditional office work pattern to virtual working. However, teleworking is still not universal despite the technology capabilities that enable people to work from home or remote offices. The barriers of adopting virtual work can arise from both companies’ and employees’ considerations. Companies will face a lot of difficulties such as technical, managerial and communication issues. Employees are also not willing to work from home due to their fear of being isolated and reduced promotion opportunities. In order to overcome these barriers, there are some practical solutions such as utilizing online communication techniques, prior training and holding regular meetings. Therefore, the future of virtual work is promising, and there will be an increasing number of people who change their professional roles from traditional office workers to telecommuters. Bibliography Adams, S 2012. ‘Why Working At Home Could Hurt Your Career’, Forbes. Com, p. 39, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 December 2012. Anderson,  A. (  2012). Demand  Media. Advantages  of  Telecommuting  Jobs. [online]  Available  from:  http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-telecommuting-jobs-765. html  [cited  28  Nov  2012] Bullock, C. (2011). ‘Virtual Work Environments in the Post – Recession Era’. Brandman University. Available at http://www. brandman. edu/pdf/virtual_teams_brandman_forrester_white_paper. pdf. Access in 2 December, 2012. Buss, D. M. (1996). The evolutionary psychology of human social strategies. In E. T. Higgins A. W. Kruglanski (Eds. ), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles(pp. 3-28). New York: Guiford Press. Courtois, J. (2012). ‘Microsoft’s new world of work is all about people’. Available at http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-17064032. Access in 3 December, 2012. Deannamaio (nd). ‘Managing and Motivating Virtual Employees’. Available at http://deannamaio. om/managing-and-motivating-virtual-employees/. Access in 5 December, 2012. Fried, C. (2011). ‘8 Ways to Convince Your Boss to Let You Work from Home’. Available at: http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-505123_162-41141951/8-ways-to-convince-your-boss-to-let-you-work-from-home/. Accessed 28 November 2012. Gitman, L. J. and McDaniel, C. (2008) The Future o f Business: The Essentials, Cengage Learning. Page 242 Heidrick, R. (2011). ‘Why Off-Site Employees Feel Virtually Disconnected’. Available at http://www. texasenterprise. utexas. edu/article/why-site-employees-feel-virtually-disconnected. Access in 1 December, 2012. Hortensia,  G. (2008). Virtual  workplace  and  telecommuting:  challenges  that  red efine  the  concept  of  work  and  workplace. Annals  of  the  University  of  Oradea,  Economic  Science  Series,  17(4),  269-274. Liu,  T. Ma,  G,  C. (2004)  Human  Resource  Management  in  Virtual  enterprise. Theoretics  Study,  (4):  48-49(in  Chinese) Griffith,  T. L. Sawyer,  J. E. Neale,  M. A. (2003). Virtualness  and  knowledge  in  teams:  Managing  the  love  triangle  of  organizations,  individuals,  and  information  technology. MIS  Quarterly,  27(2),  265-287 Peng,  L. (nd). Understanding  Virtual  Organizations. ISACA. Journal. [online]  Ã‚  Available  from:  http://www. isaca. org/Journal/Past-Issues/2001/Volume-6/Pages/Understanding-Virtual-Organizations. aspx  [cited  20  Nov  2012] Hurd, Brian M. (2011). ‘Virtually engaged: the effect of a virtual work environment on task engagement, its antecedents, and consequences’. Colorado State University. Libraries. Available at http://digitool. library. colostate. edu/R/? func=dbin-jump-fullobject_id=129655local_base=GEN01. Access in 1 December, 2012. Khalil, L. (2011). ‘IBM offers virtual desktop solution for workers on the go’. Available at http://www. igitaltrends. com/computing/ibm-offer-virtual-desktop-solution-for-workers-on-the-go/. Access 5December 2012. Lipnack, J. and J. Stamps. (1997). Virtual Teams: Reaching Across Space, Time, and Organizations with Technology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Marshall, G, Michaels, C, Mulki, J 2007, ‘Workplace isolation: Exploring the construct and its measurem ent’, Psychology Marketing, 24, 3, pp. 195-223, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 26 November 2012. Marshall, M (nd). ‘3 key to building trust between managers and employees’. Available at http://www. eliableplant. com/Read/27611/Build-trust-managers-employees. Access in 5 December, 2012. Mowshowitz, A. (2002) Virtual Organization: Toward a Theory of Societal Transformation Stimulated by Information Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. Page 24 – 25 Pang, L. (2001). ‘Understanding Virtual Organizations’. Available at: http://www. isaca. org/Journal/Past-Issues/2001/Volume-6/Pages/Understanding-Virtual-Organizations. aspx. Accessed 28 November 2012. Panteli, N and Dibben, M. (2001) Revisiting the nature of virtual organizations: reflections on mobile communication systems. Futures, 33(5). Page 379 – 391 Panteli, N. and Dibben, M. R. (2001) Revisiting the nature of virtual organizations: reflections on mobile communication systems. Futures, 33(5). Page 379 – 391 Pinola, M. (nd). ‘ Stress Management for Mobile Professionals and Telecommuters: 5 challenges remote workers face how to reduce the stress they cause’. Available at: http://mobileoffice. about. com/od/tipsfortelecommuting/tp/stress-management-for-telecommuters-and-mobile-professionals. htm. Accessed 2 December 2012. Raghuram, S and Garud, R and Wiesenfeld, B and Gupta, V (2001). Factors contributing to virtual work adjustment’. Journal of Management 27 (2001) 383–405 Rosen, B. Furst, S. Blackburn, R. (2007). Overcoming barriers to knowledge sharing in virtual teams. Organizational Dynamics, 36(3), 259-273. Storper, M. Venables, A. J. (2004). Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 351-370. Sundin, K. (nd). †˜Virtual Teams: Work/Life Challenges – Keeping Remote Employees Engaged’. Available at https://est05. esalestrack. com/eSalesTrack/Content/Content. ashx? file=9e2e8332-6b1b-4592-9dd2-4963636c94c4. pdf. Access in 1 December, 2012. How to cite Virtual Work, Papers

The classic story of Dracula Essay Example For Students

The classic story of Dracula Essay For my assignment I am going to explain in detail about the classic story of Dracula by Bram Stoker. I will explain about the characters and then write in detail about the plot. Finally I will explain the way the novel is written.  Characters  Dracula  Count Dracula is the central character around which the novel is based. This man is a Transylvanian nobleman who is a vampire. At the beginning of the novel Dracula is described: His face was a strong a very strong aquiline, with high bridge of the thin nose and peculiarly arched nostrils. Dracula is said to have a rather cruel looking moustache and peculiarly sharp white teeth which are shown up by his red lips. The man is said to have a domed forehead with hair growing around the temples and bushy hair that seemed to curl in its own profusion. Dracula is described as being welcoming and charming when Harker meets him for the first time. It is only later on in the novel when his true evil powers and capabilities are shown. This nobleman is centuries old and has to feed on the blood of the living. As the book goes on Count Dracula becomes younger and his powers increase.  Vampires are the evil undead who live on by sucking the life out of innocent human beings. If one of the vampires victims is contaminated by one of these evil creatures they will die and then rise again as a vampire. Dracula can turn himself into a range of different animals and can affect humans in mysterious ways. He can turn into a bat so that he can fly through peoples windows, he can also turn into small rodent animals and in the novel it mentions that Dracula can turn into a large dog or wolf. Jonathan Harker  This mans role in the novel is mostly at the beginning of the story when he travels to Transylvania to discuss matters with Count Dracula about him buying an estate in England. He is a young lawyer and is in love with Mina Murray who he writes to when away. Jonathan becomes a prisoner in Draculas castle and his journals of his experience become important when trying to destroy the vampire count. Later on in the novel Harker marries Mina. Professor Van Helsing  This Dutch professor is full of wisdom on the subject of vampirism and how to destroy them. He is well informed on the Nosferatu (vampire) and so becomes the leader and instructor on the search to kill Dracula. Dr. Seward (one of his former pupils) describes him as a philosopher and metaphysician, and one of the most advanced scientists of his day. Van Helsing goes to visit Lucy Westenra when she is ill and knows that a vampire has bitten her although he wonders whether such beliefs are true. Mina Murray  Mina Murray is Jonathan Harkers and is best friends with Lucy Westenra (Draculas first victim). Jonathan and Mina eventually marry after he escapes from Draculas castle. She works as a schoolteacher and later becomes a victim of the Count herself. Mina is the heroine in the story as she is regarded by the reader as being innocent and pure. She becomes a victim to the Count but right up until her death she does not want to become evil. She represents goodness. Lucy Westenra  Lucy is a friend with Mina in the novel but falls into ill health and dies when she is bitten by Dracula. She is an attractive young woman who has been proposed to by three men. In the novel she becomes engaged to Arthur Holmwood who is the son of Lord Godalming. She becomes a vampire but is then killed by Van Helsing and the other three in the normal fashion by plunging a stake through her heart, cutting of her head and stuffing her mouth with garlic.  Dr. John Seward  This young doctor is the manager of an insane asylum that lies near to Draculas English estate. He used to be a pupil of Professor Van Helsing but in the novel he cannot diagnose what is wrong with Lucy Westenra until Van Helsing arrives. He is an intelligent, literate man whose diaries make up a lot of the novel. Seward is one of the men who proposed to Lucy Westenra but was refused.

Research of the companys cases an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Research of the companys cases Mr Ian Dunno: Dear Sir: We have done an extensive research on the two situational cases you have hired us to do. Our research delved on Australian Accounting Standards Board Pronouncements. Part one focuses on the timing difference between the amount that the company reports as net income subject to tax and the amount that the tax laws require the companies to pay. The second part deals with the basic theory of when to recognize revenue from the sale of website related software and the website development and maintenance services. Need essay sample on "Research of the company's cases" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Basis for the us of AASB presentation of the Financial statements The basis for the preparation of the financial statements is to serve as a tool for their decision meeting. The software customer needs the financial statements to determine whether to continue buying from the company or look for other competing suppliers to fill the customers' needs. The suppliers need the financial statements to determine if whether to approve the company's credit loan application. The board of directors will use the financial statements to determine if they will have to set up more software branches. The Australian government needs the financial statements to determine if the company has been implementing its pollution laws. The employees are also interested to get a copy of the financial statements to determine if the company in order for them to decide when to ask for a salary increase. The following topics are focused to serve these users. College Students Usually Tell Us: I'm not in the mood to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my girlfriend Essay writers propose: Follow Essaylab Writing Service I. Timing Difference AASB 112 states that the timing difference between taxes paid and the tax expense is a normal, legal and Tax agency approved scenario. A future tax liability or asset results from the temporary differences between the accounting book value of assets liabilities and their tax value. The timing difference here is amount that varies between the net profits or losses reported in the accounting books and the amount that taxes to be paid. They are differences between the book value of the assets or liability recorded in the balance sheet and income statement and the amount that should be reported in the financial statements that include the balance sheet and income statement in compliance with Australian tax laws. The reason is obvious. The recording accounting transactions by the accountants hired by the companies are governed or based Australian International Accounting Standards. The international accounting standards state that the profits presented in the financial statements like the income statement should be based on accrual basis of accounting. There are two kinds of sales. They are the cash sales and the credit sales. Cash sales occur when the customer pays up front the amount of the purchase immediately upon receiving the goods bought. Credit sales occur when the customer receives the goods and promises to pay the amount at a letter date. The net profit includes sales from On the other hand, the amount that the company must pay to the Australian tax agencies are based on the Australian income tax laws. The Australian Tax law states that the amount of tax should be based on actual cash collections. For example, the company bought a factory equipment for Au$1,000. The company depreciates the assets under the straight line method for four five years. However, the company reports to their tax collecting agency that their asset is depreciation using the reducing balance method. Assume the corporate tax rate is 35%. The company would realized a deferred tax liability for year 1 and 2 because its book value was higher than the tax value. However, the 3rd and 4th year shows a tax asset because the company's asset value is lower than the income tax value. The company has not underpaid income tax in this case so there is no need for any adjustments. II. Revenues and Expenses Revenues The basis for the revenue for the sale of the products and services of Medium Pty. Ltd. is AASB 118 (Revenue). The Australian Accounting Standard Board stated in its pronouncements stated in its AASB 118 (Revenue) that revenue (Section 1)is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow into the organization and these benefits are measurably reliable. It further provides that revenue can be generated from the sale of goods or the rendering of services. The Medium Pty. Ltd. should record the maintenance revenue from the offer of services to set up a website. The maintenance services that are offered keep the customers' websites in tiptop shape should also form part of revenue from services under the same AASB 118. Section 4 of AASB 118 also states that rendering of services includes the performance of the organization of a contractual agreed task over an agreed period of time. The services may be performed within a single period or over more than one period. AA SB 102 states that the software shall form part of inventory. AASB 101 states in section 82 that the statement of comprehensive income should DISCLOSE line items that present under the following titles during the period. Revenue, finance costs, share of profit or loss of associates, tax expense, and a single amount representing other expenses. Expenditures AASB 132 interpretation states that all costs of documenting the specifications of the website, including the technology to be implemented to achieve the desired website, revenue, and expense results should be expensed. The expenditures should be dealt with in accordance with AASB accounting standards. Market research costs for assessing the feasibility of the project should be recorded under research and development expenses. These are expensed outright on day of the expense occurrence. Staff training for website development should fall under salary expenses since website development is an ongoing day to day operating activity. Costs relating to the development of the website software like licensing expenses. The computer hardware use in the development of the software should form part of office equipment Asset. It will be depreciated over its useful life. Internal Staff employment expenses should form part of the Administrative operating expenses of the company. Promotion and advertising to launch the new website development should fall under the marketing operating expenses of the company and expensed when incurred. Staff training in use of website software should form part of salaries expenses. CONCLUSION The sales of the customized software will form part of the revenues of the company. The sale of the two year performance contract would be part of the service revenues of the company. The amounts for cost of developing should form part of the operating expenses. In addition, the difference between the tax amount and the accounting book amounts is because of the difference between the accounting standards and the tax laws. Reference AASB 118 Revenue recognition. Australian Accounting Standards Board, retrieved Oct 5, 2008, http://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB118_07-04_%20COMPapr07_07-07.pdf AASB 101, Presentation of Financial Statements, Australian Accounting Standards Board, retrieved Oct 5, 2008, http://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB101_09-07.pdf AASB 102, Inventory, Australian Accounting Standards Board. AASB 132 interpretation, Intangible Assets. AASB 112 Income Taxes.

Annunciation essays

Annunciation essays I didn't think another visit to the Cloisters would mean much to me. In previous visits, I had noticed the picture on the wall or the sculpture in the corner, glanced quickly at a date or name, and moved on. This time, however, something compelled me to take a closer look, to try to understand the form and context of the works, to see into the artist's mind. I thoroughly enjoyed observing the works themselves and watching others' reactions to those works. Once there, I chose a particular object to write about, considering the formal elements and the effect on the viewer. This sharpened my visual analysis, along with my understanding of the importance of historical context. I was attracted to the stained glass because of the beauty and emotions it portrayed. It gives an accurate feel for the attitude of someone who was passionate about the craft. The panels once initiated a cycle dedicated to the Life of Christ installed in the Altenberg convent church. An unknown artist completed this German glass painting, created in Altenberg-an-der-Lahn, in 1290. It is a scene of the Annunciation, describing when the angel Gabriel is informing the Virgin Mary that she is pregnant with Jesus Christ. The Archangel Gabriel tells the Virgin Mary that she is to give birth to the Son of God. Calmness, order and simplicity are the outstanding features of this painting. Mary bows her head as she humbly accepts Gabriel's message. The painting style, with its bold slashing strokes, combined with the strong colors, makes it one of the most exceptional of the panels. It includes a sense of perception because of its three dimensional characteristics. The face of Gabriel is gentle and soft, with squinted eyes and closed lips. Mary, however, seems more intense because of the lowely-tilted position of her head. Both of the emotions portrayed show the realistic intentions of the artist. Gabriels hands extend toward Mary, while hers rest humbly at...

Public utility management in australia Term Paper

Public utility management in australia - Term Paper Example According to the Australian Government's Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Australia 'monitors and accounts for its greenhouse gas emissions from land based sectors in its national inventory through the Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System (AGEIS) which accounts for the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock and crop production, while theNational Carbon Accounting System(NCAS) is currently designed toward accountability of carbon emissions from agriculture, deforestation and forestry.ii Now hosting the Sixth Annual Climate Change and Business Conference 2010, Australia has consecutively shown its commitment to a global market respondent to privatization of the energy market, and competent governance of those shifts through apt structural adjustment of the nation's energy policy.iii Much of what goes into legislative policy intended for the 'public good.' Investment in environmental mitigation in the business community is typically responsive to regulatory compliance or venture capital promise. The globalization of natural resources and attendant policies has resulted in a dictatorship of the energy sector as the foremost priority within international governance. This is not to say that real political transformations amongst states have not also contributed to this new regime of power. For instance, since the collapse of the former Soviet Bloc countries, Eastern European energy resource management has been one of the core economic interests of international energy holdings vested in the transition from state to privatized incorporation. The structural adjustment policies of the 1990s, which led to privatization policies in second world economies are still affecting the administrative capacity behind energy resource distribution to populations dependent upon tho se forces of negotiation between international energy management stakeholders, and sometime corrupted or underdeveloped legal and regulatory capacity in those states.iv In Australia, the widely acceptable practice of retraction of central authority toward intense regulation of the industry by way of law, rather than volunteerism, was extended to states which now determine the regulatory relationship between energy and consumer market. Comparatively, Australia has done much in terms of promoting advancements in energy innovation as well, with an eye on technology and proximity to the Asian market, Australia is well poised to participate fully and competitively in the new global energy market. The global picture outside the region also reveals distinctions. It is through an examination of the dense regulatory structure of the United States that we can see what Australia is, and what it is not, in terms of party to international policy. Without such as radical window of comparison, in a parallel common law setting, we might not see the business, legal and political culture(s) at work in two distinct economies of scale. In the United States, where the e nergy industry has been the intense focus of scrutiny in response to high level hazard incidents, such as the Three Mile Island case. Amid reconfiguration of nuclear power as part of a matrix of alternative, 'clean air' energy options, there is a significant push toward advancement of regulatory competence. The essay focuses on the impact of the climate change